Following on from how successful some of our children were at school and have become as adults, this is an extract of a piece of work which I have copied and pasted which my daughter did when she first began studying brain surgery.
She was aged five at the time. I think the piece speaks for itself.
Brain surgery and Psychosurgery
How can brain-surgery alleviate psychopathologies?
In the middle ages it was widely assumed that madness (and migraines) were caused demons trapped inside a sufferer's skull. Their condition could be treated by releasing the demons. To this end patients were trepanned - that is they had holes cut into their skulls. Although we only know of the explanation dating back to the middle ages there is evidence that the practice goes back a lot further - Neolithic skulls with neat trepanning holes in them have been found. Trepanning still has its adherents today, although only in some fairly extreme 'new-age' cults, and not in the orthodox medical professions. It is a relatively safe operation if infection is avoided and causes few side-effects if, as is usually intended, no brain-tissue is damaged. It is also unlikely to have any direct therapeutic effect although there is the very slight possibility that it may have relieved headaches due to peripheral factors like muscle tension or over-pressure of fluid in the brain.
As we shall see, compared with some of the psychosurgical techniques conducted by the medical establishment in their tens of thousands trepanning looks rather benign. This must prompt us to ask what the justifications were for this expansion of brain surgery?
Justifications for brain surgery and psychosurgery
In my last piece of work I briefly explained some theories that psychological functions were localised in distinct areas of the brain. If function is anatomically localised and failings in a specific function lead to a psychopathology then it follows that the cause of a psychopathology might be anatomically localised. Surgery which destroys a region of the brain or disconnects it from the rest of the brain clearly cannot correct whatever is amiss in that region. It may, however, be the case that the signals produced by the dysfunctional region interfere with the normal operation of the rest of the brain. If this is the case then there may be a benefit to removing or disconnecting the dysfunctional region.
A good theoretical argument for surgical intervention therefore requires at least three crucial types of evidence:
Evidence for anatomical localisation of a psychological function.
Evidence that failure of this function plays a role in causing a pathology.
Evidence that the pathology can be alleviated by eliminating the faulty function in its entirety.
Perhaps unsurprisingly such evidence is hard to come by. A weaker justification for surgery might be that some sufferers of a pathology had localised areas of their brain damaged for other reasons, perhaps accident, perhaps some other planned surgery, and that after this damage their psychopathologies were observed to improve. There is not necessarily any theoretical justification for the surgery in terms of a biological cause for the psychopathology, although one might later be developed, but there is at least evidence that the patient's suffering might be alleviated.
In the light of these requirement let us examine how various applications of psychosurgery developed.
Ailments 'treated' by brain surgery or psychosurgery
A range of different psychopathologies have been treated at one time or another using surgery:
Schizophrenia and other psychoses
Aggressive and antisocial behaviour
Motor-disorders
Epilepsy
Surgical treatment of the first two classes of disorder are usually referred to as psychosurgery while the latter are regarded as brain surgery. The difference in terminology is meant to reflect the extent to which the surgery is treating an identifiable physical disorder as opposed to a psychological one.