Hi Clive,
Afraid so, apart from the usual differences between refineries - different crude oil feedstock from different oil wells - different refinery processing technology - the only real differences are the two "duty" markers added to red diesel.
One of the issues we are addressing at CEN CT19 is a replacement for the red dye which will be more difficult to "strip" from diesel. Once the red dye has been stripped standard laboratory instrumentation can't tell the difference, except by looking for the "hidden" marker that's always there.
Diesel adulteration and stripping of red diesel is very attractive to the "crims" throughout Europe, because stripped red diesel is diesel, there is a verylarge market and there's loads of money to be made by stealing the tax and duty revenues.
This whole area of diesel adulteration and the actions to counter it makes a fantastic story.
Performance Diesel:
There are several, typified by Shell V-Power diesel and BP Performance Diesel, which are synthetic diesel fuels made polymerising the hydrocarbon gas Ethane. If you join two Ethane molecules together you have Butane (blue bottle camping gas), join another seven molecules and you have Cetane.
This synthesised diesel costs a bit more to make than simply collecting the diesel fraction from crude oil, but you can make this fuel from natural gas, coal, wood, vegetation, waste, etc.
If you know bio-diesel, where vegetable oil from the plants' seeds is chemically processed to make this renewable fuel, then this new process can use the whole of the plant to make high performance diesel.
Shell have just brought the first "wood chip into performance diesel" refinery on-line in Germany - the BP and Shell performance diesels that you can buy in the UK today are made from the Ethane fraction of Natural Gas.
Expect to see this "carbon neutral" and other renewable bio-fuel technology attract a series of tax breaks that you saw with LPG.
Why are they performance diesels? Normal diesel has a cetane number of 55, performance diesel is around 60 - and if your car can "re-tune" itself and make use of this, then great - my C270 sees about a 10 bhp increase running on V-Power.
Even if your diesel engine cannot "re-tune" itself, then the soot (PM10 particulates) will drop to around 50% and you should see an improvement in fuel consumption of around 3% to 5%.
Robert