Hello Peter,
Scotch Lads answere is not quite accurae:-
In the old days (Pre circa 1998) caravans were fitted with rather crude battery chargers, and without a battery the output voltage had a lot of ripple, and in many cases peaked at over 20V. This was bad news for electronics in electronic control systems for lamps and heaters etc.
The battery acted a massive smoothing device, and of course it stored some charge for when mains was not enough or available.
Modern caravans (post circa 1998) don't use basic chargers, but instead a more complex 'power supply'. These are designed to provide a smoothed and regulated output voltage, and depending on the particular model fitted some have up to 16A of 13.8V DC current available. More typically it will be 8 to 12A. These are quite capable of running a limited number of 12V appliances without a battery.
The use of a battery will allow the full compliment of appliances to be used, and of course allows the caravan to be used where no mains supply is available for a limited time. How long depends on how frugal you are when using the 12v systems.
The actual change over from charger to power supply may avry depending on the make of the caravan.