If nobody gives you the answer I will ask Her Ladyship when she gets home. She is an Avon Rep and ladies who have hubbies in the S.A.S. have bought off her for them when they go away. Avon can't advertise it as being good to repel midges because they haven't a license to say its been tested for that, well at least thats what they told Her Ladyship. When in Oban last year a lady in a shop told us the Oban fishermen use it too. The downside is I used it and it never stopped the (@~&*%+)'s biting me, I was covered.